Theory and Applications of Physical Science Vol. 4

The Stokes Parameters in the Group-Theoretic Scheme of Quantum Mechanics

Nicolay V. Lunin — 2020-05-12

The hidden parameters problem in quantum mechanics is considered here on the base of grouptheoretic approach which includes the complete set of observables indispensably. The last ones are the bilinear Hermitian forms constructed from the Schroedinger equation solutions and its ﬁrst derivatives, they satisfy the algebraic completeness condition and coincide with the well known Stokes parameters. These Hermitian forms, obtained for the simplest standard problem of particle transmission above potential step, had been compared with the Hermitian forms which are usually considered in this problem, and an additional ones, which may be obtained within the framework of an ordinary schemes of quantum mechanics. It is shown that the generally recognized schemes of the problem solution lead to violation of some conservation laws on the step directly. On the contrary, the group-theoretic approach leads to fulﬁllment of all necessary conservation laws everywhere at the same time. It is also shown that the complete set of observables leads a probabilistic interpretation in quantum mechanics to be excessive.

Deformability of Contact Layers: Scientific Study

Rumen Krastev Krastev — 2020-05-12

Machine and structural components have volume and surfaces. The last does not have an ideal shape, and they are rough. When two components have mechanical contact (like one foot of a desk and the floor), this contact has a common contact surface. It is well known that real contact surface is much smaller than the nominal cross-section of the smaller component. Furthermore, the volume that is near the contact surface is not dense. It contains asperities and empty space between them. In this chapter is analysed the question “What happens with this contact volume and could we measure its size, depending on the load?” The theory starts with an acceptance that this volume (contact layer) is filled non-homogeneously with solid material and therefore its mechanical behaviour is non-linear. It is explained a semi-empiric model for this phenomenon and also a method for interpretation and presentation of nonlinear force-displacement diagrams. This semi-empiric relationship is , where P is the load, is the uniaxial deformation of the system with base length L, containing one contact layer and both a, b are regression coefficients. Results for deformability of the contact layer between a specimen, made of light silicate concrete and the steel support are shown.

Taguchi Method to Analyze the Impacts of Commonalities in Multistage Production under Bottleneck and Uncertainty: An Overview

M. A. Wazed — 2020-05-12

This chapter aims to measure the individual and combined impacts of common components and machines in manufacturing, under bottleneck and uncertain conditions. Simulation models have developed for multiple products, multi-period and multistage dependent demand system based on a live case from a Malaysian company. Machine breakdown and quality variation have incorporated in the models to create uncertainty. The delivery performances like (i) throughput of the finished products, (ii) average production time and (iii) work-in-progress (WIP) in the system for different experimental scenarios have examined. Taguchi approaches for orthogonal array were employed in designing experiments and these were executed in WITNESS, a simulation modeling software. The models corroborated historical data from the company by face validity. It was determined that batch size of 12 in bottleneck, 2 common components and 4 common machines ensure the best outcomes of the system under the storm of uncertainties. The focus of this chapter is determination of the best batch size in bottleneck point under uncertainties, commonalities (components and machines) and capacity constraint.

Quantum Electromagnetic Field in Maxwell Electron-ionic Plasma

B. A. Veklenko — 2020-05-12

It is shown that taking into account the presence of thermal longitudinally polarized Langmuir quanta dramatically changes the results of standard classical electrodynamics of low-temperature plasma.

Large-scale Channel Modeling and Measurements for 10 GHz in Indoor Environments: Recent Development

Iury S. Batalha — 2020-05-12

With the advent of 5G mobile communication and researches on propagation of large-scale channel modeling for frequencies above 6 GHz, measurement campaigns were performed at 10 GHz with horn-type directional antennas in a corridor and a computer room within the Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratories’ first floor, at Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Brazil. This paper presents data obtained through said campaigns, channel modeling with co-polarizations V-V and H-H and cross-polarization V-H in line-of-sight (LoS) or non-line-of-sight (NLoS) conditions. The large-scale Close in Reference is sustained by a comprehensive analysis, considering propagation mechanisms such as reflection and diffraction. Results demonstrate that the established model had inferior standard deviation in relation to measured data, proving itself more significant to propagation in indoor environments.

Experimental and Theoretical Content of Uncertainty Relations in the Group-theoretic Scheme of Quantum Mechanics

Nicolay V. Lunin — 2020-05-12

Compatibility of conservation laws and the uncertainty concept is considered. It is shown that the last one does not enter known mathematical sets suitable for physical theory and compatible with conservation laws at the same time. It is established theoretical origin of uncertainty relations, this is connected with the group-theoretic approach. The last one also demonstrates existence of relationship between non-commutativity and irreversibility. Connection of group-theoretic approach with experimental data is also considered.

BKL Method in the Bianchi IX Universe Model Revisited: Advanced Study

Leandro Meléndez Lugo — 2020-05-12

Given the extreme difficulty in finding analytical solutions to Einstein’s equations for universe models, such as the Bianchi type IX, different physical-mathematical techniques have been designed to attempt to find, at least approximate solutions that could have relevance in modern cosmology. Belinskii, Khalatnikov and Lifshitz (BKL) have developed a method to study a particular time evolution dynamic of the Bianchi type IX universe model. Herein, it is shown that this method contains pitfalls. These pitfalls, among other things, prevent the conclusion that this model provides chaotic behaviour. We show that the initial presumption made by BKL turns out to be inconsistent with the assumed initial conditions, since it cannot be kept along with the time-extended BKL process. That is, the Kasner stipulations corresponding to , taken as initial conditions, are at odds with the initial assumption imposed on Einstein’s field equations.

Outdoor Radon Measurements during 2018 in São José dos Campos, Brazil: Scientific Approach

Inacio M. Martin — 2020-05-12

During 2018 the intensity and its variation in time were monitored, every hour the presence of radon gas in two distinct points near each other in São José dos Campos, Brazil. One point was situated 25 meters high (ACA tower) and the other 3 meters high (ITA laboratory). Two identical RadonEye RD200 (ionization chamber) detectors were used calibrated in picoCurie/liter (pCi/l) or Bequerel/cubic meters (Bq / m³). These measurements indicate that there is always a (day/night) variation in the intensity of the local radon gas presence. With dry and hot periods, there is increasing in radon gas intensity. Intense rains during short period of time, there is also increasing in presence of the radon gas in that site. Fine and continuous rains provoke decrease in the presence of radon gas measured in the place. Comparisons between radon gas intensities per hour with gamma and neutron changes between (0-10) MeV of energy at the same time interval were observed.

A Wide Infrared Tuning Range of the Bulk CdSe Doped with Cu Photodetector

Hassan H. Mohammed — 2020-05-12

In this work, the adopted method of the CdSe doped with Cu (CdSe: Cu) photodetector is presented. This detector is prepared by vacuum evaporation of CdSe films on a glass substrate followed by vacuum annealing under an argon atmosphere for doping with copper. The detector is found, for the first time, to cover a wide range of the infrared besides the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This finding of the wavelength tuning is due to the localized energy states of copper atoms inside the band gap of the CdSe. These characteristics stem from the unique band structure of CdSe: Cu. This tuning is compared with recent work in the corresponding colloidal CdSe-ZnS core shell quantum dots and with the quantum well (QWIR) and quantum dots infrared detectors (QDIR). The major significance of this developed detector is in its synthesis simplicity and its fabrication processes costs in comparison with that of the (QWIR) and (QDIR) detectors. The structural analysis results demonstrated that the vacuum annealing in competition with the doping concentration improves significantly the film structure. A better crystalline structure is reported at 5 wt% of Cu concentration and at annealing temperature of 350ºC. Besides the measured specific detectivity at room temperature is D*=2.31×10⁸ cm Hz^1/2W^-1. This value approaches the detectivity of the state of art mercury cadmium telluride (MCT). This result paves the way for further investigations and improvements.

Patterns in Solar Variability, Their Planetary Origin, and Terrestrial Impacts: New Perspective

Nils-Axel Mörner — 2020-05-12

This is the Preface of the Special Issue of Pattern Recognition in Physics published in 2013, here reprinted with some modifications and updating. We hope that by the arguments and facts presented in this volume, we have lifted “the planetary hypothesis” to the level of a “planetary theory” and we even foresee that it will lead to a new paradigm on planetary–solar–terrestrial interaction. We are well aware of the fact that there is much more to learn and improve, but we trust the theory is here to stay. The volume consists of 12 independent papers. Several papers have addressed the question about the evolution of climate during the 21^st century. Obviously, we are on our way into a new grand solar minimum. This sheds serious doubts on the issue of a continued, even accelerated, warming as claimed by the IPCC projects.

Estimation of Annual Effective Dose Due to Ingestion and Inhalation of Radon in Groundwater from Kaduna, Nigeria: Recent Development

A. Kalip — 2020-05-12

The variation in the concentration of radon in groundwater sources comprising of boreholes and wells in Kaduna metropolis and environs were determined by using Tri-carb LSA 1000 liquid scintillation counter. The radiation dose received by individuals within different age groups categorized under; infants, children and adults, depending on their average annual water consumption rates (ACRs) were also estimated. The mean radon activity in 16 boreholes and 18 well water samples were 1.8/Bq/L and 0.57 Bq/L respectively; while the average radon activities ranged from 0.85 to 2.57 Bq/L and 0.35 to 0.85Bq/L respectively with all values far below the United States Environmental Protection Agency MCL of 11.1 Bq/L. All the estimated annual committed effective dose (ACED) for all samples were observed to increase with radon concentration, age and ACRs, but were significantly lower than the United Nation Scientific Committee on Effect of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limit of 1mSv/yr. The radiation dose rate received by the lung cells due to the inhalation of waterborne radon in the air was considerably higher when compared to that received by the stomach walls via ingestion.

About Possible Role of Negative Pressure Waves in Geophysical Processes: Brief Overview

Fuad H. Veliev — 2020-05-12

There are different model views on the mechanism of extreme geologic processes. Nevertheless, many principal questions remain unanswered because the models don’t characterize sufficiently the peculiarities of these processes. Here is proposed new approach to mechanism of evolution and appearance of extreme geologic processes on the basis of Negative Pressure phenomenon.

UHF Metamaterial Absorber with Small-size Unit Cell by Combining Fractal and Coupling Lines: Recent Study

Shicheng Fan — 2020-05-12

We present an UHF prefect metamaterial absorber by combining coupling lines and fractal lines with very small unit cell. The proposed absorber consists of surface metal structure and metallic background plane, separated by a dielectric substrate and air. Simulation results show that the absorber has absorption peak at 442MHz with 99.73% absorptivity. The ratio between lattice constant and resonance wavelength is 1/68, significantly less than the existing absorber. According to the absorption mechanism of proposed absorber the design principle is introducing in detail. Moreover, the absorption peaks remain high with large angles of incidence for both TE and TM polarizations. Due to the small ratio, it can be widely used in radiation suppression for microwave relay communication such as mobile communication and wireless network by changing the parameters of structure.