Emerging Trends in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 3

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) is an emerging technique which will perform well in 5G wireless communication system. Multiple users can share the resources which are available in spectrum and also individual user can be identified easily with the help of Successive Interference Cancelation (SIC) algorithm. In this paper, the power domain is considered for detection of power allocation for the base stations. The errors in fading channel is demonstrated with the help of multi carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA), in which the frequency diversity can be resolved hastily. Due to high range of multiple access interferences the performance of MC-CDMA has been restricted. A new technique is proposed in this paper, based on Frequency Division - Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (FD-MC-CDMA) system and the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) can be greatly reduced by exploiting the available range of frequencies.  NOMA principle is used to enhance the signal strength of proposed system and highly restricted for appearance of MAI at the receiver end. In this paper, the NOMA based FD-MC-CDMA system; the range of signal strength can increase for different users in fading channels and reduce the interferences between the users. The performance of the proposed system can be estimated in terms of Bit error rate (BER) and SNR and   it compares with other existing techniques. The simulation results are carried out using Matlab software.

Wheel/rail squeal noise of trains is one of the challenging problems to be solved. Several models such as self-excited instable vibration due to negative damping, flutter instability, hammering effect due to local defects, etc. were proposed, but a successful model for the squeal problem has not been presented until now. In this study, experimental and numerical methods were applied. Squeal noise and acceleration of the rail were measured in a depot when a subway train was running back and forth at a speed of 20, 25 and 30 km/h. Squeal frequencies above 80 dB(A) were 480, 1220, 2200, 4340, 5420, 8860, 9640, and 9960 Hz, which were consistent with natural vibration frequencies of the rail or wheel.  A new numerical approach was presented to investigate the basic mechanism of the wheel/rail squeal noise, using complex eigenvalue analysis by the finite element method. The positive real parts of the eigenvalues reflect self-exciting instable vibration, which is closely related to the occurrence of squeal noise. The effect of parameters such as friction coefficient, wheel/rail contact position, axle load, etc. on the instable vibration was examined. The instability of the vibration system was sensitive to the stiffness of rail support. In lateral creepage, when the adhesion coefficient was less than 0.1, instable vibration modes did not occur. In longitudinal creepage, when the friction coefficient was high enough, instable vibration modes were generated. The predicted unstable modal shapes were different from those in lateral creepage. The longitudinal creepage caused the natural vibrations of the axle.  Numerical predictions could explain many of the field test results.

The Switched Reluctance Machine (SRM) is used for many application of electric drive system due to its simple construction and its robustness. Due to doubly salient structure of SRM; the torque pulsations are high when compared to other sinusoidal machines. The major drawback of using SRM drive is torque pulsations and increased components in the converter. In order to avoid these drawbacks a new bridgeless Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) for closed loop control of SRM drive is proposed. The proposed converter reduces a conduction loss, input current ripple, torque ripples and also the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The requirements of converter for switched reluctance motor drives and the proposed new converter are analyzed and discussed. The torque, current, speed of SRM for the proposed converter is analysed also the speed of SRM is controlled by applying the conventional P& PI Controller and  AI based Fuzzy Logic Controller in MATLAB simulation. The results are presented for comparison with P.PI and Fuzzy logic controllers. The simulation results reveals that the new bridgeless SEPIC converter in close loop operation using fuzzy logic controller provides better results with quicker speed settling time.

In this paper we discuss the performance of a Giga byte Passive Optical Network (GPON) for different wavelengths and power in a system having multiple users. The main characteristics is the use of passive splitters in the fibre distribution network, enabling one single feeding fibre from the provider's central office to serve multiple homes and small businesses. GPON architecture offers converged data and voice services at speeds upto 2. 5 Gbps to 10 Gbps. The quality of performance of a digital communication system is specified by its BER or Q factor and other parameters as well.

Given the random nature of crack formation, research into reinforced concrete members in the context of cracking behavior proves difficult. Therefore, widely accepted methodologies for predicting crack characteristics, e.g. crack width and spacing and number of cracks, have not been developed yet. Furthermore, cracking for members strained until high degrees of elongation, as takes place during earthquakes, has not been investigated before. This experimental work aims to look into the impact, primarily of tensile deformation’s mechanical factor, in terms of cracking behaviour. Four test specimens were strained under uniaxial tensile loading. The degrees of elongation used were equal to 10‰, 20‰, 30‰ and 50‰. Useful conclusions concerning cracking behaviour are derived.

The research described in this paper investigates the influence of tensile strain on lateral buckling in reinforced concrete seismic walls having an ultra high longitudinal reinforcement ratio. The present work is experimental. In the framework of the present research, 5 test column specimens of scale 1:3 simulating the extreme areas of ultra highly reinforced concrete walls were used. The test columns are of identical proportions and reinforcement content, with the only variable being the applied load history. All specimens were reinforced with the same ultra high longitudinal reinforcement ratio (6.03%) which was bigger than the maximum value prescribed by Codes. This was done deliberately for experimental reasons. The degree of tensile strain which was applied was different for each specimen and it took values equal to 0‰, 10‰, 20‰, 30‰ and 50‰. The present paper tries to investigate the influence of the degree of tensile strain to the ultimate bearing capacity of test specimens. Based on the results, it is apparent that the amount of tensile strain that reinforcing bars within the extreme areas of concrete walls are subjected to directly affects the buckling phenomena upon reversal of loading.

One important aspect of seismic design of buildings with a dual reinforced concrete structural system is the lateral stability of structural walls, when they face this danger mainly due to flexural overstrain. The deep excursion in the yield region of the boundary parts of bearing walls increases dramatically their flexibility and since at the same time they are liable, because of the earthquake vibration, to a reversing axial loading (tension – compression), their lateral stability is at stake. The possibility of failure because of lateral instability is limited significantly with the proper choice of an adequate thickness, which is specified by (most) modern seismic codes as a percentage of the height of the bottom storey. The current work investigates one parameter that may be affecting the stability of structural walls. This parameter is the diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement of the boundary edges of load-bearing walls. It contains an experimental research that tries to investigate the influence of the diameter of longitudinal reinforcement to the ultimate bearing capacity of test specimens. It has to be noted that in order to examine experimentally the influence of the diameter of longitudinal reinforcement, test specimens of scale 1:3 simulating the boundary edges of structural walls were used. These specimens were reinforced with the same or almost the same longitudinal reinforcement ratios (2.68% - 2.79%) but had a different number of reinforcement bars of varying diameter. The diameters of bars which were used were equal to 8 mm and 10 mm. The specimens which were compared to each other contained (apart from bars of different diameter) a different number of bars and consequently a different way of placement of these bars at the wall end sections.

The UML is a defacto tool used by the software industry for designing the software system. The UML comprises 13 diagrams which are used to represent static and dynamic behavior of the system. The usecase is one of the UML diagrams which is used to describe the interaction between the user and the system. In this paper, we are proposing an automated tool to translate the UML diagram and its artifacts into the text format and is represented in form of a table. This translation is carried out in two stages.

• Converting the UML diagram into intermediate text form using generic tool called WhiteStar UML.
• The intermediate text is converted to table form using the tool proposed in this paper. The output achieved at the end of the second stage is further used for the abstraction of predicate logic.

The given input, either an image converted to a text document or a text document itself, chosen by the user will be displayed in the default font size, in which they are present in the selected input file. If the user is satisfied with the current font size and wishes to print the document in it’s current font size, he/she may proceed to print the document and the contents will be printed in the available font size. However, if the user wishes to enlarge the font size further, he/she may enlarge the text option which will alter the font size of the contents of the document, ensuring further readability. The text content of the selected input file is displayed to check if the resultant font size is sufficient. The text displayed is of the same font size as in the selected input file. The user may repeat the process until desired font size is obtained.

The rapid development of wireless communications has made the spectrum ending up with increasingly with more shortage. The technique of CR was proposed to meet the problem of spectrum effectiveness. In the cognitive networks, the SUs are permitted to detect, distinguish and access the frequency bands that are not at present used by the PU’s. The SU’s must outfit with the spectrum access information to use the primary user’s license in the home region network. We propose a maximum throughput and power based cognitive radio for home region systems (HAN). At the point when there are different SU’s and number of channels, spectrum sharing must be considered. In this work we additionally propose a system of multiple channel sensing. The interference to PU brought about by the dynamic access and the erroneous spectrum sensing technique is also considered. We investigate the obstruction brought about by the secondary user’s through a reestablishment hypothesis. Under the limitation of interference to primary user, the queuing theory is used to overcome this issue and to obtain the higher data rate of SU’s. Finally, it is demonstrated that the cyclostationary detection method can be improved when extra channels are accessible.

Soil strength plays a vital role in the construction field. The main purpose of this project is to stabilize red soil with the help of various waste materials. The waste materials used are rice husk ash, lime, ground granulated blast furnace slag and coconut coir fiber. These waste materials have been mixed with the soil in the ratio 10%, 20% and 30% and subjected to various tests Specific Gravity Test, Sieve Analysis Test, Plasticity Index Test, Standard Proctor Test, Unconfined Compression test and California Bearing ratio test. A comparative increase in soil strength was found with all the waste materials. Thus, ultimately the soil is stabilized with the help of these waste materials.

To fullfil of increasing power demands and reduce carbon emission additional renewable sources of power are added to existing thermal unit. Interconnection of hydro units to existing thermal system can allow to system to operate at full capacity. The aim of this research is to study LFC by adding non-linearity’s to the thermal - thermal and hydro-thermal systems. Further this work investigates the modeling of hydro thermal systems and use of Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy controllers (ANFC) in these models. Network frequency change due to change in speed, may result in loss of synchronization with the rest of power system and finally resulting in power system black-out.  In this research a multi section steam turbine with re-heater was used for a single area system modeled in MATLAB, later two single area systems were combined to create a two area system, and its dynamics are studied by creating load perturbations. The proposed frequency controller was able to attain a setting time of 10 Sec which is comparatively lower than other existing speed controllers. .  The time domain response result of hydropower system proves the benefit of Neuro-fuzzy system, i.e. more rapid output response and minimal overshoot.

Automobiles play a key role in our day today life. Today, studying the parameters which affect the performance of diesel engines is important. In spite of the previous studies, still some aspects needs investigations. In previous researches, valve timing and fuel injection effects on engine performance was studied. In this work, the effect of changing the back pressure of the exhaust gases on the performance of the single cylinder four stroke diesel engine was studied experimentally. The study was experimentally made by varying the length of exhaust pipes with lengths of 0.250 m, 0.500 m, 0.750 m, 1 m and 2 m. It was found that with increase in exhaust pipe length, the exhaust back pressure increases as this decreases the combustion efficiency. Varying exhaust pipe length has considerable influence on performance parameters of the engine. The fuel economy and the volumetric efficiency were found to be the best for a minimum exhaust pipe length.

Water is an excellent solvent and usually contains wide variety of dissolved minerals and other chemicals. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and strongly polar that is able to dissolve or suspend many different compounds. This paper focuses on the water storage monitoring system for households with pH sensor and turbidity sensor. The acceptable standard pH range for water storage tank is between 6.5 to 8.0. The data reading of the pH is monitored and if the pH ranges between acceptable range the water will continue to check water density using turbidity sensor and both measured values are further compared. If the obtained pH and turbidity values are between the acceptable range then the system displays the output as drinking water. If the pH and water density values are out of range and it is displayed as saline water.

Agribusiness is the essential profession for quite some time. Regardless now due to advancement of humans from herbal to metropolis there's block in developing. So you can squash this problem we skip for sharp improvement methodologies using IoT. The production of agricultural tool connectivity leads to major advances in agricultural practices. They allow precision agriculture to evolve and increase industry transparency. However, in the main requirement to enable data sharing in the business environment and the need to invest in new technologies and resources, they do face major challenges.

This venture joins the earth wetness, water stage, sogginess and temperature of flora are in reality managed. As a result of the variable barometrical conditions those conditions now and again may additionally reduce loose spot to install massive homes, which makes in particular difficult to maintain up the consistency at all the spots in the regions bodily. It's miles visible that immediately an android cellular telephone - manipulate the Water framework shape, which could supply the places of work of retaining up uniform commonplace conditions are proposed. This application uses the GSM characteristic of cell phone as a reaction for water structure manage device. GSM is used to reprimand the patron approximately the cautious discipline circumstance. The record is surpassed onto the customer request as SMS. This consideration is made as a component and given to the farmer's welfare.

User cooperation for wireless networks can provide spatial diversity and combat the impact of fading effect of wireless channels in a network wherein each node possesses only a single antenna. In cooperation communication, relay selection is an important issue. In this chapter we propose a relay selection scheme with fairness in the context of cooperative cellular networks with a single base station and many subscribers in each cell, wherein each subscriber has the ability to relay information for each other. The proposed scheme maximizes the total capacity while achieving approximate rate proportionality. The complexity of the algorithm is much lower versus an iterative algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperform the existing scheme in terms of system capacity and outage probability while achieving proportionality fairness among user data rates.