Current Research and Development in Chemistry Vol. 2

Studies on a Medicinal Plant - Jatropha curcas (Leaves); It’s Free Radical Scavenging Activity, Phytochemical and Antibacterial Analysis of Its Butanol Crude Extract

Qasim Olaitan Afolabi, Adijat Yetunde Shorinmade, Ofunami Joy Obero — Tue, 02 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The use of different plant parts for the prevention and cure various diseases as an alternative to orthodox medicine is gathering more attention. Moreso, resistance to orthodox drugs has been confirmed in various researches. The free radical scavenging activities of Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) leaves, phytochemicals present in its butanol crude extract as well as the antibacterial activities of its butanol crude extract were accessed. The leaves of J. curcas were washed, air-dried and pulverized for active extraction of the composition of the plant in butanol.

Fresh leaves of the plant were tested for its DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity (indicator of antioxidant), while the butanol crude leaf extract was accessed for the presence or absence of phytochemicals and was also tested against some gram positive and gram negative bacteria all according to standard procedures. The result of the free radical scavenging activity of the leaves (74.73 mg/kg) was higher than that of ascorbic acid (31.01 mg/kg) (a standard antioxidant). The qualitative analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponin, flavonoids, steroid, phenols phlobatanins and cardiac glycoside. The quantitative analysis on the other hand showed the presence of alkaloids in an appreciable amount (0.567%), followed by saponin (0.316%) while others had relatively low values (below 0.19%). The average values of the antibacterial (inhibitory) activity as compared with standard antibiotics used had no significant difference except for Pseudomonas sp. which was very low to the antibiotics used. It could be concluded that the leaves of J. curcas is of great medicinal potential.

Oxidation of Succinic Dihydrazide to the Corresponding Acid by Thallium (III) in 1, 4-Dioxane Medium - A Kinetic and Mechanistic Approach

Amit Shrikant Varale — Tue, 02 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The reaction between Thallium (III) and succinic dihydrazide is carried out in a mixture of perchloric and hydrochloric acid medium. The reaction proceeds through formation of complex with reactant, which decomposes in subsequent steps to give product. Effect of acrylonitrile shows, that there is no formation of free radicals. The increase in [H⁺] and [Cl^-] decreases the rate of the reaction. The increase in ionic strength does not affect the rate of reaction. The effect of temperature was studied at four different temperatures ranging from 15°C to 30°C. The activation parameters were also determined and a mechanism is predicted.

Eco-friendly and Green Synthesis of 2-alkylsulfanyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one

Srinivasa Reddy Bireddy — Tue, 02 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Reaction of 2-Thioquinazolinone (1) with various alkylating agents like dimethyl sulphate (DMS), diethyl sulphate (DES) and benzyl chloride (PhCH₂Cl) in the presence of K₂CO₃ as a mild base, by a simple physical grinding, microwave irradiation, and PEG-600 under solvent-free conditions for 10-15 min at RT, followed by processing, gave respectively 2-methylsulfanyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one (2a, i.e., R=CH₃), 2-ethylsulfanyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one (2b, i.e., R=C₂H₅) and 2-benzyl sulfanyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one (2c, i.e., R=PhCH₂Cl). It appears from this study that Green syntheses such as solid phase synthesis (physical Grinding) and Micro wave Irradiation gives better yields, quality and in less reaction time the products over conventional methods involving green solvents like ethanol, PEG-600 etc. The entire sequences of reactions have been carried out using eco-friendly solvents and green conditions.

Brief Overview of Heavy Metals in Edible Vegetables at Abandoned Solid Waste Dump Sites in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

K. Okorosaye-Orubite, F. U. Igwe, F. O. Oyebamiji — Tue, 02 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The concentrations of eight selected heavy metals, Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Cr, As, Hg, and Zn in seven consumable vegetables harvested at some dump sites and farm lands ( as control) in Port Harcourt and its environs in Rivers State Nigeria were investigated. The soils in which they are grown were also analysed using Solaar Thermo Elemental Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) model SE 71906. The vegetables plants investigated were Bitter leaf (Vernonia Amgdylina, Pumpkin (Telfairia Occidentalis), Green Vegetable (Amaranthus hybridus), Okro plant (Abelmoschus esculentus L), Green Amaranths (Amaranthus viridis). The results obtained show that the concentration of heavy metals in the dumpsites were significantly higher (P<0.05) and varies from the results for the farmlands (control). Similarly there were more heavy metals in vegetables harvested at dumpsites than the control sites. Zn concentration in vegetables at both sites Zn (31.6 ± 0.23 - 68.04 ± 0.1 mg/kg) and Zn (10.36 ± 0.18 - 26.62 ± 0.26 mg/kg) respectively. Concentration of other metals followed the order, Ni> Cu>Cr>Pb>Cd >As. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr in all the vegetables from the dumpsites were extremely higher than the WHO permissible standard limit. While the Ni, Cu were below permissible limit only in some vegetables. Hg concentration was minimal in dumpsite vegetables and was not detected in samples from the control sites. The significantly high level of heavy metal concentrations, above the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits, indicates bioaccumulation in the vegetables and subsequent bioavailability when consumed. This can pose great health risk to humans and animals through the food chain.

Concentrated NP- and NPK-Fertilizers based on Kyzylkum Evaporated Phosphoric Acid, Carbamide and Potassium Chloride: Advanced Study

Tue, 02 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

In the paper the processes of carboammophos and carboammophos potassium preparation based on the ammonization of the samples by evaporated wet phosphoric acid (WPA) (35.92; 40.85; 46.41; 51.07% P₂O₅) to pH = 5.3 (to obtain ammophos pulp) and pH = 7.0 (to obtain diammophos pulp) with subsequent addition of 70% solution of urea and crystalline potassium chloride (60% K₂O) were studied. Moreover, for urea-phosphate, weight ratio of the N: P₂O₅: K₂O ranged from 1: 0.5 to 1: 1: 1 for the N: P₂O₅: K₂O urea-phosphate-potassium from 1: 0.7: 0.3 to 1: 1: 1. To avoid loss of ammonia, the drying of NP- and NPK slurry based on diammonium phosphate (DAP) were produced not higher than 60°C, and monoammonium phosphate (MAP) - first at 60°C, then at 100°C to constant weight (less than 1% H₂O). It is shown that on the basis of both MAP and DAP slurry are obtaining, samples of urea-phosphate similar in composition and properties. And all brands of urea-phosphate-potassium contain a high concentration of nutrients (up to 19.7% N. 19.7% P₂O₅ and 19.7% K₂O). Phosphorus in them is in a form digestible for plants. The strength of both NPK and NPK fertilizer granules satisfies the requirements of agriculture. Such fertilizers in agriculture are in great demand.

Experimental Design: Determination of total,l digestible, and water soluble forms of phosphorus (P₂O₅total, P₂O_5deg. P₂O_5wat_er) were performed on KFK-3 (λ= 440 nm) as phosphorus-vanadium-molybdenum complex. This method is based on measuring the light transmission of yellow phosphorus-vanadium-molybdenum complex relative to the reference solution containing a certain amount of phosphates. Slurry pH was adjusted and determined by potentiometric method on ionometer I-130M (Russia). The mass was cooled, and then scattered by the size of the particles. Granules with a size of 2-3 mm were subjected to strength testing. The static strength of the granules was determined according to State standard 21560.2-82. This method based on crushing the granules using for that specified weights on scale called MIP 10-1 (Russia), which indicate kgf/cm²per granule. Further dried granules of the fertilizer were performed chemical analysis. Digestible forms of P₂O₅ were determined by solubility in both 2% citric acid and 0.2 M solution of Trilon B (EDTA). The nitrogen content in the products was determined by Kjeldahl — distillation of ammonia in an alkaline medium with Devard alloy followed by titration of 0.1N NaOH.

Findings: Preparation process consists of as follows:

First slurry of ammophos and diammophos were prepared by neutralization of evaporated WPA containing 35.92; 40.85; 46.41; 51.07% P₂O₅ to pH = 5.3 (to obtain ammophos pulp) and pH = 7.0 to obtain diammophos pulp; Second to obtain NP fertilizer 70% solution of carbamide was added to MAP and DAP slurry at 60°C followed by stirring thorough. Then NP slurry was dried not higher than 100°C for MAP and not higher than 60°C for DAP, respectively; Third to prepare NPK fertilizer 70% solution of urea and crystalline potassium chloride (60% K₂O) were added to MAP and DAP slurries. Next NPK slurry was dried not higher than 100°C for MAP and not higher than 60°C for DAP, respectively; Fourth NP and NPK fertilizer were tested on static strength accordingly above mentioned study design using State standard 21560.2-82; Fifth dried granules NP and NPK fertilizers were analyzed on various form of P₂O₅ including N and K₂O. The latter was evaluated by calculation from difference N and P₂O₅ accordingly weight ratio N:K and N:P₂O₅:K₂O equal to 1:0.5; 1:0.7; 1:1 and 1:0.3:1; 1:0.5:1; 1:1:1 respectively.

Sequential Cytotoxicity: A Theory Examined Using 2, 6 diphenyl Piperidine-4-one scaffold

Rahul L. Jadhav, Chandrakant S. Magdum, Manisha V. Patil — Tue, 02 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The concept of sequential cytotoxicity indicates the successive release of two or more cytotoxic compounds causing grater toxicity to the neoplasm than normal cell. This hypothesis is evaluated by designing a series of compounds of 2, 6 diphenyl piperidine-4-one. Recently for the development of novel cytotoxic and anticancer agents, different series of compounds have been designed that utilizes the 1, 5-diaryl-3-oxo-1, 4-pentadinyel pharmacophore. These compounds interact with cellular thiols of cell and thiols are not part of nucleic acids. Hence these compounds are free from the problem of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. The series of compounds which either lacking of olefinic bond or one or more olefinic bond are synthesized by Claisen-Schmith reaction. The compounds having one or no any olefinic bonds will be predicted to be less cytotoxic than the compounds having two or three olefinic bonds. The SRB-assay method was used to evaluate cytotoxic property of all the synthesized compounds. The results revealed that the predictions made regarding the viability of the theory of sequential cytotoxicity were fulfilled.

Studies on SO4−2/SnO2 (STO)-Catalyzed C3- and O-Alkylation of 4-Hydroxycoumarin

Venugopala Rao Narayana, Ravi Varala — Tue, 02 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

In this Chapter, we revisit the methodology developed in synthesizing 4-hydroxycoumarin analogues by adapting C3- and O-alkylation strategies using sulfated tin oxide as catalyst. In addition to describing the details of the synthetic strategies, including the biological activity performed, we offer a historical perspective of the development in the field.

In silico Evaluation of Antimalarial from Bioactive Compounds of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) and Its Toxicity with Plasmodium falciparum Lactate Dehydrogenase (PfLDH) and Plasmepsin (Plm) Enzymes as Targets

Syamsudin Abdillah, Esti Mumpuni, Rima Melati — Tue, 02 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Malaria is one of the important health problems in the world caused by intracellular obligate protozoa of the genus plasmodium. P. falciparum causes the most severe infections and the highest mortality rate. The previous in vivo and in vitro research of crude alkaloid on bitter melon fruit (Momordica charantia L.) can prove antimalarial activity in P. Falciparum but the active compound which suitable for this activity is unknown yet. This study aims to evaluate in silico of twenty-five (25) bioactive compounds of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) as an inhibitor of the PfLDH and Plasmepsin enzymes. The PfLDH enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate which is a source of energy for P. falciparum and the enzyme plasmepsin works by degrading hemoglobin to be a food source. The method used is molecular docking with software PLANTS, YASARA, MarvinSketch, and visualization using VMD, PyMOL and YASARA. As a positive control, Hoslundal is used as a PfLDH inhibitor and Pepstatin as a Plasmepsin inhibitor. The results obtained five (5) candidates for active compounds as PfLDH inhibitors, namely cucurbitine, α-elaeostearic acid, gentisic acid, galacturonic acid and momordol with very low toxicity and there is no active compound candidates as Plasmepsin inhibitors.

Determination of Acoustic and Volumetric method of Glycerin and Dextrose in Buffer Solutions at Different Temperature

Yasmin Akhtar, Marzough A. Albalawi, S. M. Yasin — Tue, 02 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Densities and Ultrasonic velocities of glycerin and dextrose in Na₂CO₃ and NaHCO3 buffer solutions have been determined experimentally at 308 and 313K. From these experimental results the adiabatic compressibility K_s, acoustic impedance Z, intermolecular free length Lf, relative association R_A, available volume V_a and hydration number H_n have been calculated. The results are interpreted in terms of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions in these ternary systems. It has been observed that there exist solute-solvent interaction and complex formation between in these ternary systems.

Study on Release of Formaldehyde from Endodontic Sealers

Mehmet Sinan Evcil, Zülal Kesmen, Taskin Gurbuz, Ali Keles — Tue, 02 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Periapical alterations or irritations resulting from root canal therapy may be caused by over-instrumentation, infection or adverse effects from substances liberated from root canal filling materials. Chemothera-peutic agents containing formaldehyde are commonly used in the treatment of dental disease. Formaldehyde is known to local irritation and skin sensitization following acute and subacute exposure. The objective of this study was to evaluate AH 26, endomethasone, N2, AH plus, diaket, forfenan and roeko seal automix (RSA) for the presence of the formal-dehyde. Sealer's powder and liquid were analyzed before and after mixing formaldehyde analysis was done using high-performance liquid chromato-graphy with thermo-separation products spectra system and photodiode assay. Analysis showed that the AH 26, endomethasone, N2 powders and forfenan liquid contained formaldehyde and and their mixture were releasing formaldehyde. It could not decetcted any formaldehyde in AH plus, diaket and RSA samples. Because endodontic sealers can get into contact with surrounding soft and hard tissues, they should have an acceptable biocompatibility. Sealers with inferior biocompatibility, such as formaldehyde-releasing materials, should no longer be applicable in practice because safer alternatives are available.

Chemical Changeability of Essential Oils in Peels of C. reticulata ‘Dahongpao’ by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Compiled with Automated Mass Spectral Deconvolution & Identification System

Jian Wang — Tue, 02 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Chemical variability of essential oils (EOs) in peels of C. reticulata ‘Dahongpao’, a cultivar of C. reticulata Blanco (mandarin) from the same source was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) compiled with Automated Mass Spectral Deconvolution & Identification System (AMDIS). Peels were collected once a month during July-December in 2011 from the identical area. The components in EOs were identified by their purified mass spectra and Kováts retention indices (RIs), in sum, 87 compounds were identified. A total of 67, 77, 66, 51, 46, and 59 compounds representing 89.856%, 92.151%, 97.881%, 97.738%, 97.229%, and 97.897% of their total relative contents, respectively in the EOs from six samples with the delay collected time were discerned. The EOs from six samples varied considerably both qualitatively and quantitatively. Chemical changeability of six samples differed with each other to some degree. 14 biomarkers were established, 8 of them like d-limonene, γ-terpinene, linalool, decanal, α-sinensal, thymol, n-hexadecanoic acid and tricosane are more highlighted. Based on the contents of 3 biomarkers like d-limonene, γ-terpinene and linalool, the chemotype as limonene/γ-terpinene/linalool (55.111–77.659%/6.579-7.841%/1.197-7.773%) was differentiated for these EOs from C. reticulata ‘Dahongpao’. The study manifests AMDIS can efficiently enhance the accuracy of quantitative and qualitative analyses by extracting information from total ion chromatograms (TICs). The results have some meanings to clarify the similarities and differences in bioactive compounds as volatile oils of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (PCRV) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR) and to expound the scientific essence of “One material used as two kinds of Chinese materia medica (CMM)” such as PCRV and PCR in the end.

Feasibility Studies on Removal Efficacy of Treatment of Textile Effluent Using Natural Coagulants in Erode District

N. Muralimohan, T. Palanisamy — Tue, 02 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

An explorative investigation was conducted for the feasible use of natural coagulants in the treatment of textile effluent in Erode district of Tamil Nadu (India). In this article, three natural coagulants namely Moringa oleifera, Tamarina indica, Strychonomous potatorum of 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mL dosages were used to spot the suitable one as primary coagulant. Floc formation in coagulation process had been studied in the laboratory scale to determine the optimum dosage of natural coagulants. Pre and post treated textile wastewaters with natural coagulants were considered to evaluate the percentage removal efficiency on the major pollutants of concern in textile effluent such as pH, turbidity, TSS, TDS, COD and BOD. Influence of settling time of natural coagulants on the removal of physiochemical characteristics of textile effluent was studied. From the observed results, the natural coagulant Moringa oleifera gives better removal efficiencies with respect to turbidity, TSS, TDS, COD and BOD and appears to be suitable for textile effluent treatment in Erode district, when compared with Tamarina indica and Strychonomous potatorum. The surface morphology of the untreated textile effluent and treated textile effluent with optimum dosage of M. oleifera, T. indica and S. potatorum were observed by means of SEM analysis.

A Unified 3-R Outlook for Interior Water Treatment

K. Neetha Delphin Mary, N. Muralimohan, P. Vijayalakshmi — Tue, 02 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Water is critical for all life on the planet. Rapid industrialization and urbanization has caused India to face a water crisis since it has only 4 percent of the world’s water resources. In order to resolve the crisis, India has to look for alternative water resources which may include rainwater harvesting, grey water and sewage reuse and desalination. Grey water is defined as waste water generated from the bathroom, laundry and kitchens. Nearly 70 percent of the water used in households results in grey water which can be treated using simple technology and reused. Reuse of grey water reduces the fresh water requirements and reduces the amount of sewage sent to treatment plants. An integrated approach is needed to manage the water and waste water treatment so that water supply is kept clean and waste water is recycled for beneficial use in agriculture and industry. Water and energy are important resources in the 21^st century. Water is required to supply energy and energy is required to supply water. The reclamation of wastewater can contribute significantly to the conservation of water and energy resources. Wastewater reclamation and reuse can relieve water scarcity. Reclaimed wastewater can be substituted for natural water. Wastewater is now extensively recognized as an important source of water in water-scarce countries. In recent years not only the threats of improper grey water management have been recognized; there is an increasing international recognition that grey water reuse, if properly done, has a great potential as alternative water source for purposes such as irrigation, toilet flushing, car washing and others. The economic value of grey water from households and small communities is often underestimated. In terms of nutrients, grey water may largely replace commercial fertilizers. For many low-income households, food is the main total daily cost factor. Grey water-irrigated gardens and crop trees develop favorably if certain irrigation rules are followed. Use of treated grey water for irrigation thus contributes to a more balanced food diet and relieves the household budget.

Antioxidant Enzymes in Serum of Patients with Painful Acute Periradicular Abscess: Critical Overview

Mehmet Sinan Evcil, Ismail Uzun, Berna Demircan, Ali Keles — Tue, 02 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of this study was to compare the pre-treatment and post-treatment serum antioxidants levels in acute periradicular abscess, with pain. Thirty-two patients (18 males, 14 females) with acute and painful endodontic abscesses were included in this study. Before treatment, patients had severe symptoms of inflammation, but at the end of treatment no symptoms of inflammation were observed. Glutathione reductase and catalase activities concentrations were measured in serum of patients with acute periradicular abscess, before and after treatment. There was no statistically significant effect on levels of catalase activity and glutathione reductase concentrations (p > 0.05).

An Isocratic Water Mobile Phase HPLC Analysis of Melamine and Its Related Analogues

Naoto Furusawa — Tue, 02 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The author describes a reserved-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for detecting melamine (MEL) and related analogues, cyanuric acid (CYA), ammeline (AML), and ammelide (AMD), using a 100% water mobile phase. Chromatographic separation was performed an Inertsil^® ODS-4 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a water mobile phase and a photodiode-array detector. The monitoring wavelength was adjusted to 210 nm which represents an average maximum for all the analytes. The total run time was < 8 min. The method shows high stability, significant linearity and satisfactory sensitivity. The detection limits were <46 ng.mL^–1. An inexpensive and harmless method for the simultaneous detection of MEL, CYA, AML, and AMD was developed and may be further applied to the quantification in foods.

Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution Using Chicken Eggshell Waste

Anil Gadhave, Bhagwat Uphade — Tue, 02 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

The waste from different industries and domestic waste is the serious environmental problems. It is necessary to remove the pollutant by using efficient process. In this work the naturally available chicken eggshell waste was used to remove the methylene blue dye. The use of low cost, naturally available and eco-friendly adsorbents have been investigated an alternative for expensive methods. The factors such as pH, amount of chicken eggshell waste, contact time and initial dye concentration of methylene blue dye was studied. The chicken eggshell waste was removing the methylene blue dye up to 91% in 105 min from aqueous solution. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm was studied for the adsorption phenomenon.